SCI 논문 번역

원문 만성 신질환자에서 빈혈에 대한 페기네사타이드(peginesatide)의 효능은 2상 임상시험을 통해 입증되었다. 시약투여 전 12주 동안 투석과 조혈자극제 치료를 모두 안 받은 환자들이 초기 페기네사타이드 용량(체중대비용량, 절대용량)과 투여경로(정맥주사, 피하주사), 투여빈도(2주 1회, 4주 1회)에 따라 10군으로 순차적으로 배정되었다. 전체 환자 중에서는 96%의 환자에서 헤모글로빈 반응이 나타났다. 헤모글로빈의 증가에서는 용량반응관계가 보였다. 피하주사나 정맥주사를 유사한 용량으로 투여했을 경우 두 환자군에서 비슷한 수준의 헤모글로빈 반응이 나타났다. 헤모글로빈의 빠른 상승과 1 g/dL 이상의 헤모글로빈 변동은 4주 1회 투여하는 환자보다 2주 1회 투여하는 환자에서 더 많이 일어나는 경향이 있었다. 본 연구는 비투석 만성 신질환자에서 4주 1회 페기네사타이드를 투여하는 것이 헤모글로빈 수치를 증가시키거나 유지하는 데 효과적이라는 것을 처음으로 입증했다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 에포에틴 알파(epoetin alfa) 치료 받고 있는 투석 환자는 성공적으로4주 1회의 페기네사타이드 치료로 바꿀 수 있다는 것이 3상 임상시험을 통해 밝혀졌다.
Reference: Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377433/

원문번역 The efficacy of peginesatide in the treatment of anemia in patients with CKD is proven in a Phase 2 clinical trial. Patients who had received neither dialysis nor an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent in the 12 weeks prior to the administration of the test drug were sequentially assigned to one of ten groups according to initial dose of peginesatide (weight-based vs. fixed dose), administration route (intravenous vs. subcutaneous injection), and frequency (once every-2-week vs. every-4-week dosing). In all patients, 96% showed a hemoglobin (Hb) response, and Hb increase showed a dose-response relationship. When similar dose was given by intravenous or subcutaneous injection, both patient groups showed a similar level of Hb response. There was a tendency for the patients who received once every-4-week dosing to show more rapid Hb elevation and fluctuation in Hb over 1 g/dL than in patients who received once every-2-week dosing. The significance of the present study is that it was the first study to prove that once every-4-week dosing of peginesatide is more effective in increasing or maintaining Hb levels in non-dialysis CKD patients. It was shown in a Phase 3 clinical trial that dialysis patients being treated with epoetin alfa can successfully transition to once every-4-week dosing of peginesatide.

번역본 검토 The efficacy of peginesatide in the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD is) has been proven in a Phase 2 clinical trial. Patients who had received neither dialysis nor an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent in the 12 weeks prior to the administration of the test drug were sequentially assigned to one of ten groups according to initial dose of peginesatide (weight-based vs. fixed dose), administration route (intravenous vs. subcutaneous injection), and administration frequency (once every-2-week vs. every-4-week dosing). InAmong all patients, 96% showed a hemoglobin (Hb) response, and Hbthe increase in Hb showed a dose-response relationship. When similar dose was givenadministered by intravenous or subcutaneous injection, both patient groups showed a similar level of Hb response. There was a tendency for the patients who received once every-4-week dosing to show more rapid Hb elevation and fluctuation in Hb over 1 g/dL than in patients who received once every-2-week dosing. The significance of the present study is that it was the first study to prove that once every-4-week dosing of peginesatide is more effective in increasing or maintaining Hb levels in non-dialysis CKD patients. It was shown in a Phase 3 clinical trial that dialysis patients being treated with epoetin alfa can successfully transition to once every-4-week dosing of peginesatide.

프리미엄교정 Thise study aimed to test the efficacy of peginesatide in the treatingment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been proven in by using a Phase 2 clinical trial. Our study population consisted of Ppatients who had were not received neither on dialysis nor or received an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent in the 12 weeks prior to the administeringration of the test drug. were The population was divided intosequentially assigned to one of ten groups cohorts according to that differed in the initial dose of peginesatide (weight-based vs. fixed dose), administration route (intravenous vs. subcutaneous injection), and administration frequency (once every-2-week vs. every-4-week dosing); each patient was sequentially assigned to a cohort. Among all patients, 96% showed a hemoglobin (Hb) response, and the increase in Hb showed an evident dose-response relationship was observed. The Hb responses were similar Wwhen similar the doses was administered by intravenous or and subcutaneous injections, were similar both patient groups showed a similar level of Hb response. There was a tendency for tThe patients who received once every-4-week dosing tended to show more rapid Hb elevation and fluctuation in Hb of over 1 g/dL than in the patients who received once every-2-week dosing. To the best of our knowledge, The significance of the present study is that it was the first study to prove that once every-4-week dosing of peginesatide is more effective in increasing or maintaining Hb levels in non-dialysis CKD patients not undergoing dialysis. It was shown in aA Phase 3 clinical trial showed that dialysis patients being treated with epoetin alfa can successfully transition to once every-4-week dosing of peginesatide.

최종검토 This study aimed to test the efficacy of peginesatide in treating anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) by using a Phase 2 clinical trial. Our study population consisted of patients who were not on dialysis or received an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent in the 12 weeks prior to administering the test drug. The population was divided into ten cohorts that differed in the initial dose of peginesatide (weight-based vs. fixed dose), administration route (intravenous vs. subcutaneous injection), and administration frequency (every-2-week vs. every-4-week dosing); each patient was sequentially assigned to a cohort. Among all patients, 96% showed a hemoglobin (Hb) response, and an evident dose-response relationship was observed. The Hb responses were similar when the doses administered by intravenous and subcutaneous injections were similar. The patients who received every-4-week dosing tended to show more rapid Hb elevation and fluctuation in Hb of over 1 g/dL than the patients who received every-2-week dosing. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to prove that every-4-week dosing of peginesatide is more effective in increasing or maintaining Hb levels in CKD patients not undergoing dialysis. A Phase 3 clinical trial showed that dialysis patients being treated with epoetin alfa can successfully transition to every-4-week dosing of peginesatide.

프리미엄교정 Thise study aimed to test the efficacy of peginesatide in the treatingment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been proven in by using a Phase 2 clinical trial. Our study population consisted of Ppatients who had were not received neither on dialysis nor or received an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent in the 12 weeks prior to the administeringration of the test drug. were The population was divided intosequentially assigned to one of ten groups cohorts according to that differed in the initial dose of peginesatide (weight-based vs. fixed dose), administration route (intravenous vs. subcutaneous injection), and administration frequency (once every-2-week vs. every-4-week dosing); each patient was sequentially assigned to a cohort. Among all patients, 96% showed a hemoglobin (Hb) response, and the increase in Hb showed an evident dose-response relationship was observed. The Hb responses were similar Wwhen similar the doses was administered by intravenous or and subcutaneous injections, were similar both patient groups showed a similar level of Hb response. There was a tendency for tThe patients who received once every-4-week dosing tended to show more rapid Hb elevation and fluctuation in Hb of over 1 g/dL than in the patients who received once every-2-week dosing. To the best of our knowledge, The significance of the present study is that it was the first study to prove that once every-4-week dosing of peginesatide is more effective in increasing or maintaining Hb levels in non-dialysis CKD patients not undergoing dialysis. It was shown in aA Phase 3 clinical trial showed that dialysis patients being treated with epoetin alfa can successfully transition to once every-4-week dosing of peginesatide.

최종검토 This study aimed to test the efficacy of peginesatide in treating anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) by using a Phase 2 clinical trial. Our study population consisted of patients who were not on dialysis or received an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent in the 12 weeks prior to administering the test drug. The population was divided into ten cohorts that differed in the initial dose of peginesatide (weight-based vs. fixed dose), administration route (intravenous vs. subcutaneous injection), and administration frequency (every-2-week vs. every-4-week dosing); each patient was sequentially assigned to a cohort. Among all patients, 96% showed a hemoglobin (Hb) response, and an evident dose-response relationship was observed. The Hb responses were similar when the doses administered by intravenous and subcutaneous injections were similar. The patients who received every-4-week dosing tended to show more rapid Hb elevation and fluctuation in Hb of over 1 g/dL than the patients who received every-2-week dosing. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to prove that every-4-week dosing of peginesatide is more effective in increasing or maintaining Hb levels in CKD patients not undergoing dialysis. A Phase 3 clinical trial showed that dialysis patients being treated with epoetin alfa can successfully transition to every-4-week dosing of peginesatide.

원문 대한해협은 한반도와 일본 열도 사이에 위치한 황해, 남해 및 동중국해와 동해를 연결하는 폭이 약 200 km 정도인 수로이다. 대한해협은 쓰시마섬을 기점으로 동수도와 서수도로 나누어진다. 동수도는 폭이 약 140 km이고 수심은 약 110 m인 비교적 넓고 얕으며 평평한 모양이며, 서수도는 폭이 약 40 km이고 수심은 약 150~200 m인 좁고 깊게 움푹 들어간 모양이다(Fig. 1). 이 해협을 통과하는 주 흐름은 쓰시마난류로 동중국해의 열과 염을 동해로 전달한다. 동해로 유입된 쓰시마난류는 동해를 통과한 후 쓰가루 해협과 소야 해협을 통하여 태평양과 오호츠크해로 빠져나가는 동해통과류를 만들어내며 동해의 해수 순환에 주요한 역할을 한다(Moriyasu 1972; Cho and Kim 2000; Lee et al. 2000). 쓰시마난류는 가을에 가장 강하며, 서수도를 통과하는 흐름이 동수도를 통과하는 흐름보다 강하다(Miita and Ogawa 1984; Egawa et al. 1993).
Reference: //ocean.kisti.re.kr/downfile/volume/kordi/HOGBB1/2013/v35n2/HOGBB1_2013_v35n2_135.pdf

원문번역 The Korea Strait is an approximately 200 km - wide passage lying between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago, connecting Yellow sea, East China Sea, and East Sea. Tsushima Island divides the Korea Strait into the western and eastern channel (Tsushima). The eastern channel is relatively wide and shallow with a flat seabed and has approximate width of 140 km and approximate depth of 110 m. The western channel is relatively narrow and has a deep valley seabed with approximate width of 40 km and approximate depth of 150~200 m (Fig. 1). The main current passing through this straight is called the Tsushima warm current, which transports the warmth and salinity of the East China Sea to the East Sea. The Tsushima warm current first flows into the East Sea and then flows into the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk through the Tsugaru Strait and the La Pérouse Strait. Hence, the current has an important role of seawater circulation in the East Sea (Moriyasu 1972; Cho and Kim 2000; Lee et al. 2000). The Tsushima warm current is strongest in fall, and the current is stronger in the western than in eastern channel (Miita and Ogawa 1984; Egawa et al. 1993).

번역본 검토 The Korea Strait is an approximately 200 km - wide sea passage lyingthat lies between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago, connecting the Yellow sea, the East China Sea, and the East Sea. Tsushima Island divides the Korea Strait into the western and eastern channel (Tsushima).) and the western channel. The eastern channel is relatively wide and shallow with a flat seabed and has approximate width of 140 km and approximate depth of 110 m. The western channel is relatively narrow and has a deep valley-shaped seabed with approximate width of 40 km and approximate depth of 150~200 m (Fig. 1). The main current passing through this straight is called the Tsushima warm current, which transports the warmth and salinity of the East China Sea to the East Sea. The Tsushima warm current firstinitially flows into the East Sea and then flows into the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk through the Tsugaru Strait and the La Pérouse Strait. Hence, the current has an important role of circulating the seawater circulation in the East Sea (Moriyasu 1972; Cho and Kim 2000; Lee et al. 2000). The Tsushima warm current is strongest in fall, and the current is stronger in the western channel than in the eastern channel (Miita and Ogawa 1984; Egawa et al. 1993).

프리미엄 교정 The Korea Strait is an approximately 200- km - wide sea passage that lies between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago, connecting the Yellow sea, the East China Sea, and the East Sea. Tsushima Island divides the Korea Strait into the eastern channel (Tsushima) and the western channel. The eastern channel, with a flat seabed, is relatively wider and shallower with a flat seabed and has approximate (width: of 140 km; and approximate depth: of 110 m). than Tthe western channel (width: 40 km; depth: 150–200 m), which is relatively narrow and has a deep valley-shaped seabed with approximate width of 40 km and approximate depth of 150~200 m (Fig. 1). The main current passing through this straight is called the Tsushima warm current, which transports the warmth and salinity of the East China Sea to the East Sea. The Tsushima warm current initially flows into the East Sea and then flows into the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk through the Tsugaru Strait and the La Pérouse Strait. Hence Thus, the current has plays an the important role of circulating the seawater in the East Sea (Moriyasu 1972; Cho and Kim 2000; Lee et al. 2000). The Tsushima warm current is strongest in fallfrom September through November, and the current is stronger in the western channel than in the eastern channel (Miita and Ogawa 1984; Egawa et al. 1993).

최종 검토 The Korea Strait is an approximately 200-km-wide sea passage between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago, connecting the Yellow sea, the East China Sea, and the East Sea. Tsushima Island divides the Korea Strait into the eastern channel (Tsushima) and the western channel. The eastern channel, with a flat seabed, is wider and shallower (width: 140 km; depth: 110 m) than the western channel (width: 40 km; depth: 150–200 m), which has a deep valley-shaped seabed (Fig. 1). The main current passing through this straight is called the Tsushima warm current, which transports the warmth and salinity of the East China Sea to the East Sea. The Tsushima warm current initially flows into the East Sea and then into the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk through the Tsugaru Strait and the La Pérouse Strait. Thus, the current plays the important role of circulating the seawater in the East Sea (Moriyasu 1972; Cho and Kim 2000; Lee et al. 2000). The Tsushima warm current is strongest from September through November, and is stronger in the western channel than in the eastern channel (Miita and Ogawa 1984; Egawa et al. 1993).

일반교정 The Korea Strait is an approximately 200- km - wide sea passage that lies located between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago, connecting the Yellow sea, the East China Sea, and the East Sea. Tsushima Island divides the Korea Strait into the eastern channel (Tsushima) and the western channel. The eastern channel is relatively wide and shallow with a flat seabed and has an approximate width of 140 km and approximate depth of 110 m. The western channel is relatively narrow and has a deep valley-shaped seabed with an approximate width of 40 km and approximate depth of 150~–200 m (Fig. 1). The main current passing through this straight is called the Tsushima warm current, which transports the warmth and salinity of the East China Sea to the East Sea. The Tsushima warm current initially flows into the East Sea and then flows into the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk through the Tsugaru Strait and the La Pérouse Strait. Hence, the current has plays an the important role of circulating the seawater in the East Sea (Moriyasu 1972; Cho and Kim 2000; Lee et al. 2000). The Tsushima warm current is strongest in fall, and the current is stronger in the western channel than in the eastern channel (Miita and Ogawa 1984; Egawa et al. 1993).

최종검토 The Korea Strait is an approximately 200-km-wide sea passage located between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago, connecting the Yellow sea, the East China Sea, and the East Sea. Tsushima Island divides the Korea Strait into the eastern channel (Tsushima) and the western channel. The eastern channel is relatively wide and shallow with a flat seabed and has an approximate width of 140 km and depth of 110 m. The western channel is relatively narrow and has a deep valley-shaped seabed with an approximate width of 40 km and depth of 150–200 m (Fig. 1). The main current passing through this straight is called the Tsushima warm current, which transports the warmth and salinity of the East China Sea to the East Sea. The Tsushima warm current initially flows into the East Sea and then into the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk through the Tsugaru Strait and the La Pérouse Strait. Hence, the current plays the important role of circulating the seawater in the East Sea (Moriyasu 1972; Cho and Kim 2000; Lee et al. 2000). The Tsushima warm current is strongest in fall, and the current is stronger in the western channel than in the eastern channel (Miita and Ogawa 1984; Egawa et al. 1993).

원문 2012년 4월 충남 태안의 백합시험장 포장에서 재배중인 아시아틱계통에서 정식 5일 후 지제부의 줄기가 갈색으로 변하면서 물러지고 고사하는 증상이 관찰되었다. 피해 규모는 Sunshine 품종의 95% 이상이 발병되어 꽃봉우리가 형성되기 전에 대부분이 썩어서 절화하여 판매할 수 없는 상황으로 조사되었다. 포장에서 채집한 병든잎과 줄기의 병반으로부터 병원균을 순수 분리하여 균학적인 특징과 병원성을 검정하였고, 또한 rDNA의 ITS(internal transcribed spacer) 염기서열을 분석하여 동정하였다. 지금까지 우리나라에 발생하는 백합 병으로는 잎마름병(Botrytis elliptica) 등 13종이 보고되어 있으며(The Korean Society of Plant Pathology, 2009), 그 중 세균에 의한 무름 증상이 나타나는 병으로는Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum와 Psudomonas marginalis에 의한 무름병이 있으나, Rhizopus orysae에 의한 무름병 발생은 보고된 것이 없다. 따라서 본 연구는 백합에 발생한 무름병의 증상을 관찰하고 균학적 특성과 병원성을 검정하여 그 결과를 보고한다.

원문번역 In April 2012, the following symptoms were observed in Asiatic hybrid lilies growing at Taean Lily Experimental Station in Korea's Chungnam Province: starting five days after planting, the lower stem near the ground turned brown and softened, and the lilies withered. The symptoms were observed in more than 95% of Sunshine breed lilies. Since most lilies rotted and were cut before the formation of flower buds, they were unsellable. The pathogen was isolated from lesions in rotten leaves and stems collected from the station, and its mycological characteristics and pathogenicity were examined. The sequence of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was also analyzed to identify the pathogen. Thus far, 13 lily diseases, including leaf blight caused by Botrytis elliptica, are reported to occur in South Korea (The Korean Society of Plant Pathology, 2009). Among these, diseases characterized by bacteria-caused soft rot include soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Psudomonas marginalis. No report of soft rot caused by Rhizopus orysae has been made yet. Thus, the present study makes the first report of soft rot caused by Rhizopus orysae, together with an examination of the symptoms of soft rot observed in our lilies, the mycological characteristics of the pathogen, and its pathogenicity.

번역본 검토 In April 2012, the following symptoms were observed in Asiatic hybrid lilies growing at Taean Lily Experimental Station in Korea's Chungnam Province: starting five days after planting, the lower stem near the groundsoil surface turned brown and softened, and the lilies withered. The symptoms were observed in more than 95% of Sunshine breed lilies. Since most lilies rotted and were cut before the formation of flower buds, they were unsellable.could not be used commercially. The pathogen was isolated from lesions in rotten leaves and stems collected from the station, and its mycological characteristics and pathogenicity were examined. The sequence of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was also analyzed to identify the pathogen. Thus far, 13 lily diseases, including leaf blight caused by Botrytis elliptica, arehave been reported to occur in South Korea (The Korean Society of Plant Pathology, 2009). Among these, diseases characterized by bacteria-caused soft rot include soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Psudomonas marginalis. No; however, no report of soft rot caused by Rhizopus orysae has been made yet. Thus, the present study makes the first report of soft rot caused by Rhizopus orysae, together with an examination of the symptoms of soft rot observed in our lilies, the mycological characteristics of the pathogen, and its pathogenicity.

프리미엄 교정 Tohus datefar, 13 lily diseases, including leaf blight caused by Botrytis elliptica, have been reported to occur in South Korea (The Korean Society of Plant Pathology, 2009). Among these, diseases characterized by bacteria-caused soft rot includeWhile bacterial soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Psudomonas marginalis has been reported; however, there has been no report of soft rot caused by Rhizopus orysae has been made yet. In April 2012, the following symptoms were observed in Asiatic hybrid lilies growing at the Taean Lily Experimental Station in Korea's Chungnam Province: showed symptoms of withering starting five days after planting, with the lower stem near the soil surface turninged brown and softened, and the lilies withered. These symptoms were observed in more than 95% of the Sunshine-variety breed lilies. Since Because most lilies rotted and were cut before the formation of flower buds had formed, they could not be used commercially. The bacterial pathogen was isolated from lesions in rotten leaves and stems collected from the station, and its mycological characteristics and pathogenicity were examined. The sequence of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was also analyzed to identify the pathogen. Thus far, 13 lily diseases, including leaf blight caused by Botrytis elliptica, have been reported to occur in South Korea (The Korean Society of Plant Pathology, 2009). Among these, diseases characterized by bacteria-caused soft rot include soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Psudomonas marginalis; however, no report of soft rot caused by Rhizopus orysae has been made yet. Thisus, the present paper study makes reports for the first time the first report of soft rot caused by Rhizopus orysae,; it also together with presents the results of an examination of the symptoms of soft rot observed in our the lilies, the mycological characteristics of the pathogen, and its pathogenicity.

최종 검토 To date, 13 lily diseases, including leaf blight caused by Botrytis elliptica, have been reported in South Korea (The Korean Society of Plant Pathology, 2009). While bacterial soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Psudomonas marginalis has been reported, there has been no report of soft rot caused by Rhizopus orysae. In April 2012, Asiatic hybrid lilies growing at the Taean Lily Experimental Station in Korea's Chungnam Province showed symptoms of withering five days after planting, with the lower stem near the soil surface turning brown and soft. These symptoms were observed in more than 95% of the Sunshine-variety lilies. Because most lilies rotted and were cut before the flower buds had formed, they could not be used commercially. The bacterial pathogen was isolated from lesions in rotten leaves and stems collected from the station, and its mycological characteristics and pathogenicity were examined. The sequence of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was also analyzed to identify the pathogen. This paper reports for the first time the soft rot caused by Rhizopus orysae; it also presents the results of an examination of the symptoms of soft rot observed in the lilies, the mycological characteristics of the pathogen, and its pathogenicity.

일반교정 In April 2012, the following symptoms were observed in Asiatic hybrid lilies growing at the Taean Lily Experimental Station in Korea's Chungnam Province: starting from five days after planting, the lower stem near the soil surface turned brown and softened, and the lilies withered. These symptoms were observed in more than 95% of the Sunshine-variety breed lilies. Since Because most lilies rotted and were cut before the formation of flower buds had formed, they could not be used commercially. The bacterial pathogen was isolated from lesions in rotten leaves and stems collected from the station, and its mycological characteristics and pathogenicity were examined. The sequence of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was also analyzed to identify the pathogen. Thus far, 13 lily diseases, including leaf blight caused by Botrytis elliptica, have been reported to occur in South Korea (The Korean Society of Plant Pathology, 2009). Among these, diseases characterized by bacterial-caused soft rot include soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Psudomonas marginalis; however, no report of soft rot caused by Rhizopus orysae has not been made reported yet. Thus, the present study paper makes is the first report of soft rot caused by Rhizopus orysae,; together it also presents the results of with an examination of the symptoms of soft rot observed in our the lilies, the mycological characteristics of the pathogen, and its pathogenicity.

최종검토 April 2012, the following symptoms were observed in Asiatic hybrid lilies growing at the Taean Lily Experimental Station in Korea's Chungnam Province: starting from five days after planting, the lower stem near the soil surface turned brown and softened and the lilies withered. These symptoms were observed in more than 95% of the Sunshine-variety lilies. Because most lilies rotted and were cut before the flower buds had formed, they could not be used commercially. The bacterial pathogen was isolated from lesions in rotten leaves and stems collected from the station, and its mycological characteristics and pathogenicity were examined. The sequence of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was also analyzed to identify the pathogen. Thus far, 13 lily diseases, including leaf blight caused by Botrytis elliptica, have been reported in South Korea (The Korean Society of Plant Pathology, 2009). Among these, diseases characterized by bacterial soft rot include soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Psudomonas marginalis; however, soft rot caused by Rhizopus orysae has not been reported yet. Thus, the present paper is the first report of soft rot caused by Rhizopus orysae; it also presents the results of an examination of the symptoms of soft rot observed in the lilies, the mycological characteristics of the pathogen, and its pathogenicity.

원문 HIV/AIDS등의 병들로 인한 성인 치사율이 다양한 경로를 통하여 아동들에게 영향을 미친다고 가정한다. 건강과 학업에 미치는 영향은 물론 성인 치사율은 결혼 시기등 인구학적 소산으로 아동들에게 유의한 영향을 준다. 이 연구는 1990년대 초기와 2004년에 탄자니아의 아동들을 대상으로 인터뷰와 재인터뷰를 통하여 아동의 결혼시기에 관련된 성인 치사율의 영향을 조사한다. 조사 결과에 의하면 부모를 여읜 여아들이 유의하게 어린 나이에 결혼을 한 반면 남아들에게는 괄목할 만한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 한편, 부모 이외의 식구를 잃은 경우에는 남아들의 결혼 시기에 변화가 관찰 되었다.

원문번역 It has been assumed that the adult mortality rates due to HIV / AIDS and other diseases affect kids through diverse routes. In addition to its health and education impacts, the adult mortality rate may have significant impacts on children by affecting demographic factors such as the timing of marriage. This paper examines how the adult mortality rate influences the timing of marriage of children, through interviews that were conducted in Tanzania during the early 1990s and repeated again in the year 2004. We find that while girls who had been orphaned got married at significantly younger ages, being orphaned had no strong effect on boys. Meanwhile, the loss of a family member other than a parent was found to affect the timing of marriage in the case of boys.

번역본 검토 It has been assumed that the adult mortality rates due to HIV / AIDS and other diseases affect kidschildren through diverse routes. In addition to its effects on health and education impacts, the adult mortality rate may have significant impactseffects on children by affectinginfluencing demographic factors such as the timing of marriage. This paper examines how the adult mortality rate influences the timing of marriage of children, through interviews that were conducted in Tanzania during the early 1990s and repeated again in the year 2004. We find that while girls who had been orphaned got married at significantly younger ages, being orphaned had no strongsubstantial effect on boys. Meanwhile, the loss of a family member other than a parent was found to affect the timing of marriage in the case of boys.

프리미엄 교정 It has been assumed that the aAdult mortality rates due to HIV / AIDS and other diseases affects children through in diverse waysroutes. In addition to its effects on influencing health and education, the adult mortalityit rate may can have a significant effects on children by influencing demographic factors such as the timing of marriage. This paperWe examineds how the adult mortality rate influences the timing of marriage in for children, through by conducting interviews that were conducted in Tanzania during the early 1990s and repeated then again in the year 2004. We find found that while girls who had been orphaned got married at a significantly younger ages, being orphaned had no substantial effect on boys. Meanwhile In contrast, the loss of a family member other than a parents was found to affect the timing of marriage in the case of boys.

최종 검토 Adult mortality due to HIV/AIDS and other diseases affects children in diverse ways. In addition to influencing health and education, it can have a significant effect on children by influencing demographic factors such as the timing of marriage. We examined how adult mortality influences the timing of marriage for children by conducting interviews in Tanzania during the early 1990s and then again in 2004. We found that while girls who had been orphaned got married at a significantly younger age, being orphaned had no substantial effect on boys. In contrast, the loss of a family member other than parents was found to affect the timing of marriage in the case of boys.

일반교정 It has been assumed that the adult mortality rates due to HIV / AIDS and other diseases affect children through in diverse waysroutes. In addition to its effects on health and education, the adult mortality rate may have significant effects on children by influencing demographic factors such as the timing of marriage. This paper examines how the adult mortality rate influences the timing of marriage of for children, through interviews that were conducted in Tanzania during the early 1990s and repeated then again in the year 2004. We find that while girls who had been orphaned got married at a significantly younger ages, being orphaned had no substantial effect on boys. Meanwhile In contrast, the loss of a family member other than a parents was found to affect the timing of marriage in the case of boys.

최종검토 It has been assumed that adult mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS and other diseases affect children in diverse ways. In addition to its effect on health and education, the adult mortality rate may have significant effects on children by influencing demographic factors such as the timing of marriage. This paper examines how the adult mortality rate influences the timing of marriage for children, through interviews conducted in Tanzania during the early 1990s and then again in 2004. We find that while girls who had been orphaned got married at a significantly younger age, being orphaned had no substantial effect on boys. In contrast, the loss of a family member other than parents was found to affect the timing of marriage in the case of boys.